The majority of commonly occurring waterborne pathogens in the United States are linked to fecal sources on land (e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Cryptosporidium), while others occur naturally in waterbodies (e.g., Naegleria fowleri and Vibrio species in coastal systems).
This includes more than 40,000 related hospitalizations (Collier et al. Health-care costs attributed to some of the leading causes of waterborne diseases in the United States are estimated at more than $1 billion annually.
Waterborne pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, are a direct threat to human health.
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